Bilingualism in Canada Good or Bad - 612 Words

Bilingualism in Canada: Good or Bad? I believe that bilingualism is central to Canada’s identity, as well as other languages. Pierre Elliott Trudeau has said that, â€Å"Bilingualism unites people; dualism divides them. Bilingualism means you can speak to the other; duality means you live in one language and the rest of Canada will live in another language†. Bilingualism is an essential part of Canadian nature and in the Canadian policy it promotes individuals to study a different language so you can be able to have mutual understanding with others. One thing to define being a Canadian is living in a country with two official languages, but doesn’t mean that living†¦show more content†¦ail.com/news/national/is-bilingualism-still-relevant-in-canada/article4365620/?page=3 http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/socstud/foundation_gr6/blms/6-3-2g.pdf http://www.cnmag.ca/issue-22/855-canadian-bilingualism-e08 http://www.ocol-clo.gc.ca/html/biling_e.phpShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between The English And French Canadians1726 Words   |  7 Pagesthe separation of two large populations In Canada and created conflicts within the country. The many debates which were not solved between the two sides had a great impact on French- English relations. Throughout the years, their relationship was and still is very rocky. There are many reasons which explain why they have such strong hatred towards each other, but the most common ones were; biculturalism, belief/politics, and most importantly bilingualism. 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The Scarlet Letter Research Paper - 1586 Words

Alex Soltanian Mrs. Muller Period 2 December 4, 2014 The Scarlet Letter Research Paper Fitting into todays modern world has become of a great deal to us. Keeping up with trends, music, games and pop culture have taken the interests of kids and adolescents in the 21st century. Kids into the â€Å"main stream† interests are considered more popular than other kids. This causes conformity in our culture which is a growing problem on how kids are able to express themselves. Its is as if they are scared to admit they re sexual preferences, personal believes and interests because they are afraid of being judged.â€Å"In today’s youth there is an alarming rise in conformity, compared to the previous generations. Just like in every society, conformity and obedience are required to prevent chaos, but when the people of the society, especially the youth, forget who they are, there becomes a certain mindset. 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Streams of Silver 5. The Crags Free Essays

string(48) " a bit disheartened as he remembered the place\." Drizzt took the lead as the four companions jogged along the banks of the river Mirar, putting as much ground between themselves and Luskan as possible. Although they hadn’t slept in many hours, their encounters in the City of Sails had sent a burst of adrenaline through their veins and none of them was weary. Something magical hung in the air that night, a crispy tingling that would have made the most exhausted traveler lament closing his eyes to it. We will write a custom essay sample on Streams of Silver 5. The Crags or any similar topic only for you Order Now The river, rushing swiftly and high from the spring melt, sparkled in the evening glow, its whitecaps catching the starlight and throwing it back into the air in a spray of bejeweled droplets. Normally cautious, the friends could not help but let their guard down. They felt no danger lurking near, felt nothing but the sharp, refreshing chill of the spring night and the mysterious pull of the heavens. Bruenor lost himself in dreams of Mithril Hall; Regis in memories of Calimport; even Wulfgar, so despondent about his ill-fated encounter with civilization, felt his spirits soar. He thought of similar nights on the open tundra, when he had dreamed of what lay beyond the horizons of his world. Now, out beyond those horizons, Wulfgar found only one element missing. To his surprise, and against the adventuring instincts that denied such comfortable thoughts, he wished that Catti-brie, the woman he had grown to cherish, was with him now to share the beauty of this night. If the others had not been so preoccupied with their own enjoyment of the evening, they would have noticed an extra bounce in Drizzt Do’Urden’s graceful step as well. To the drow, these magical nights, when the heavenly dome reached down below the horizon, bolstered his confidence in the most important and difficult decision he had ever made, the choice to forsake his people and his homeland. No stars sparkled above Menzoberranzan, the dark city of the black elves. No unexplainable allure tugged at the heartstrings from the cold stone of the immense cavern’s lightless ceiling. â€Å"How much my people have lost by walking in darkness,† Drizzt whispered into the night. The pull of the mysteries of the endless sky carried the joy of his spirit beyond its normal boundaries and opened his mind to the unanswerable questions of the multiverse. He was an elf, and though his skin was black, there remained in his soul a semblance of the harmonic joy of his surface cousins. He wondered how general these feelings truly ran among his people. Did they remain in the hearts of all drow? Or had eons of sublimation extinguished the spiritual flames? To Drizzt’s reckoning, perhaps the greatest loss that his people had suffered when they retreated to the depths of the world was the loss of the ability to ponder the spirituality of existence simply for the sake of thought. The crystalline sheen of the Mirar gradually dulled as the lightening dawn dimmed the stars. It came as an unspoken disappointment to the friends as they set their camp in a sheltered spot near the banks of the river. â€Å"Be knowin’ that nights like that are few,† Bruenor observed as the first ray of light crept over the eastern horizon. A glimmer edged his eye, a hint of the wondrous fantasizing that the normally practical dwarf rarely enjoyed. Drizzt noted the dwarf’s dreamy glow and thought of the nights that he and Bruenor had spent on Bruenor’s Climb, their special meeting place, back in the dwarf’s valley in Ten-Towns. â€Å"Too few,† he agreed. With a resigned sigh, they set to work, Drizzt and Wulfgar starting breakfast while Bruenor and Regis examined the map they had obtained in Luskan. For all of his grumbling and teasing about the halfling, Bruenor had pressured him to come along for a very definite reason, aside from their friendship, and though the dwarf had masked his emotions well, he was truly overjoyed when Regis had come up huffing and puffing on the road out of Ten-Towns in a last-minute plea to join the quest. Regis knew the land south of the Spine of the World better than any of them. Bruenor himself hadn’t been out of Icewind Dale in nearly two centuries, and then he had been just an unbearded dwarf-child. Wulfgar had never left the dale, and Drizzt’s only trek across the world’s surface had been a nighttime adventure, skipping from shadow to shadow and avoiding many of the places the companions would need to search out, if they were ever to find Mithril Hall. Regis ran his fingers across the map, excitedly recalling to Bruenor his experiences in each of the places listed, particularly Mirabar, the mining city of great wealth to the north, and Waterdeep, true to its name as the City of Splendors, down the coast to the south. Bruenor slipped his finger across the map, studying the physical features of the terrain. â€Å"Mirabar’d be more to me liking,† he said at length, tapping the mark of the city tucked within the southern slopes of the Spine of the World. â€Å"Mithril Hall’s in mountains, that much I know, and not aside the sea.† Regis considered the dwarf’s observations for just a moment, then plunked his finger down on yet another spot, by the scale of the map a hundred miles and more inland from Luskan. â€Å"Longsaddle,† he said. â€Å"Halfway to Silverymoon, and halfway between Mirabar and Waterdeep. A good place to search out our course.† â€Å"A city?† Bruenor asked, for the mark on the map was no more than a small black dot. â€Å"A village,† Regis corrected. â€Å"There are not many people there, but a family of wizards, the Harpells, have lived there for many years and know the northland as well as any. They would be happy to help us.† Bruenor scratched his chin and nodded. â€Å"A fair hike. What might we be seeing along the way?† â€Å"The crags,† Regis admitted, a bit disheartened as he remembered the place. You read "Streams of Silver 5. The Crags" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"Wild and orc-filled. I wish we had another road, but Longsaddle still seems the best choice.† â€Å"All roads in the north hold danger,† Bruenor reminded him. They continued their scrutiny of the map, Regis recalling more and more as they went. A series of unusual and unidentified markings – three in particular, running in an almost straight line due east of Luskan to the river network south of Lurkwood – caught Bruenor’s eye. â€Å"Ancestral mounds,† Regis explained. â€Å"Holy places of the Uthgardt.† â€Å"Uthgardt?† â€Å"Barbarians,† answered Regis grimly. â€Å"Like those in the dale. More wise to the ways of civilization, perhaps, but no less fierce. Their separate tribes are all about the northland, wandering the wilds. Bruenor groaned in understanding of the halfling’s dismay, all too familiar himself with the savage ways and fighting prowess of barbarians. Orcs would prove much less formidable foes. By the time the two had finished their discussion, Drizzt was stretching out in the cool shade of a tree overhanging the river and Wulfgar was halfway through his third helping of breakfast. â€Å"Yer jaw still dances for food, I see!† Bruenor called as he noted the meager portions left on the skillet. â€Å"A night filled with adventure,† Wulfgar replied gaily, and his friends were glad to observe that the brawl had apparently left no scars upon his attitude. â€Å"A fine meal and a fine sleep, and I shall be ready for the road once more!† â€Å"Well don’t ye get too comfortable yet!† Bruenor ordered. â€Å"Ye’ve a third of a watch to keep this day!† Regis looked about, perplexed, always quick to recognize an increase in his workload. â€Å"A third?† he asked. â€Å"Why not a fourth?† â€Å"The elf’s eyes are for the night,† Bruenor explained. â€Å"Let him be ready to find our way when the day’s flown.† â€Å"And where is our way?† Drizzt asked from his mossy bed. â€Å"Have you come to a decision for our next destination?† â€Å"Longsaddle,† Regis replied. â€Å"Two hundred miles east and south, around Neverwinter Wood and across the crags.† â€Å"The name is unknown to me,† Drizzt replied. â€Å"Home of the Harpells,† Regis explained. â€Å"A family of wizards renowned for their good-natured hospitality. I spent some time there on my way to Ten-Towns.† Wulfgar balked at the idea. The barbarians of Icewind Dale despised wizards, considering the black arts a power employed only by cowards. â€Å"I have no desire to view this place,† he stated flatly. â€Å"Who asked ye?† growled Bruenor, and Wulfgar found himself backing down from his resolve, like a son refusing to hold a stubborn argument in the face of a scolding by his father. â€Å"You will enjoy Longsaddle,† Regis assured him. â€Å"The Harpells have truly earned their hospitable reputation, and the wonders of Longsaddle will show you a side of magic you never expected. They will even accept†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He found his hand involuntarily pointing to Drizzt, and he cut short the statement in embarrassment. But the stoic drow just smiled. â€Å"Fear not, my friend,† he consoled Regis. â€Å"Your words ring of truth, and I have come to accept my station in your world.† He paused and looked individually into each uncomfortable stare that was upon him. â€Å"I know my friends, and I dismiss my enemies,† he stated with a finality that dismissed their worries. â€Å"With a blade, ye do,† Bruenor added with a soft chuckle, though Drizzt’s keen ears caught the whisper. â€Å"If I must,† the drow agreed, smiling. Then he rolled over to get some sleep, fully trusting in his friends’ abilities to keep him safe. They passed a lazy day in the shade beside the river. Late in the afternoon, Drizzt and Bruenor ate a meal and discussed their course, leaving Wulfgar and Regis soundly asleep, at least until they had eaten their own fill. â€Å"We’ll stay with the river for a night more,† Brueror said. â€Å"Then southeast across the open ground. That’d clear us of the wood and lay open a straight path ‘fore us.† â€Å"Perhaps it would be better if we traveled only by night for a few days,† Drizzt suggested. â€Å"We know not what eyes follow us out of the City of Sails.† â€Å"Agreed,† replied Bruenor. â€Å"Let’s be off, then. A long road before us, and a longer one after that!† â€Å"Too long,† murmured Regis, opening a lazy eye. Bruenor shot him a dangerous glare. He was nervous about this trek and about bringing his friends on a dangerous road, and in an emotional defense, he took all complaints about the adventure personally. â€Å"To walk, I mean,† Regis quickly explained. â€Å"There are farmhouses in this area, so there must be some horses about.† â€Å"Horses’d bring too a high price in these parts,† replied Bruenor. â€Å"Maybe†¦Ã¢â‚¬  said the halfling slyly, and his friends could easily guess what he was thinking. Their frowns reflected a general disapproval. â€Å"The crags stand before us!† Regis argued. â€Å"Horses might outrun orcs, but without them, we shall surely fight for every mile of our hike! Besides, it would only be a loan. We could return the beasts when we were through with them.† Drizzt and Bruenor did not approve of the halfling’s proposed trickery, but could not refute his logic. Horses would certainly aid them at this point of the journey. â€Å"Wake the boy,† Bruenor growled. â€Å"And about my plan?† asked Regis. â€Å"We’ll make the choice when we find the opportunity!† Regis was contented, confident that his friends would opt for the horses. He ate his fill, then scraped together the supper’s meager remnants and went to wake Wulfgar. * * * They were on the trail again soon after, and a short time after that, they saw the lights of a small settlement in the distance. â€Å"Take us there,† Bruenor told Drizzt. â€Å"Mighten be that Rumblebelly’s plan’s worth a try.† Wulfgar, having missed the conversation at the camp, didn’t understand, but offered no argument, or even questioned the dwarf. After the disaster at the Cutlass, he had resigned himself to a more passive role on the trip, letting the other three decide which trails they were to take. He would follow without complaint, keeping his hammer ready for when it became needed. They moved inland away from the river for a few miles, then came upon several farms clustered together inside a stout wooden fence. â€Å"There are dogs about,† Drizzt noted, sensing them with his exceptional hearing. â€Å"Then Rumblebelly goes in alone,† said Bruenor. Wulfgar’s face twisted in confusion, especially since the halfling’s look indicated that he wasn’t thrilled with the idea. â€Å"That I cannot allow,† the barbarian spouted. â€Å"If any among us needs protection, it is the little one. I’ll not hide here in the dark while he walks alone into danger!† â€Å"He goes in alone,† Bruenor said again. â€Å"We’re here for no fight, boy. Rumblebelly’s to get us some horses.† Regis smiled helplessly, caught fully in the trap that Bruenor had clearly set for him. Bruenor would allow him to appropriate the horses, as Regis had insisted, but with the grudging permission came a measure of responsibility and bravery on his part. It was the dwarf’s way, of absolving himself of involvement in the trickery. Wulfgar remained steadfast in his determination to stand by the halfling, but Regis knew that the young warrior might inadvertently cause him problems in such delicate negotiations. â€Å"You stay with the others,† he explained to the barbarian. â€Å"I can handle this deal alone.† Mustering up his nerve, he pulled his belt over the hang of his belly and strode off toward the small settlement. The threatening snarls of several dogs greeted him as he approached the fence’s gate. He considered turning back – the ruby pendant probably wouldn’t do him much good against vicious dogs – but then he saw the silhouette of a man leave one of the farmhouses and start his way. â€Å"What do you want?† the farmer demanded, standing defiantly on the other side of the gate and clutching an antique pole arm, probably passed down through his family’s generations. â€Å"I am but a weary traveler,† Regis started to explain, trying to appear as pitiful as he could. It was a tale the farmer had heard far too often. â€Å"Go away!† he ordered. â€Å"But – â€Å" â€Å"Get you gone!† Over a ridge some distance away, the three companions watched the confrontation, though only Drizzt viewed the scene in the dim light well enough to understand what was happening. The drow could see the tenseness in the farmer by the way he gripped the halberd, and could judge the deep resolve in the man’s demands by the unbending scowl upon his face. But then Regis pulled something out from under his jacket, and the farmer relaxed his grip upon the weapon almost immediately. A moment later, the gate swung open and Regis walked in. The friends waited anxiously for several grueling hours with no further sign of Regis. They considered confronting the farmers themselves, worried that some foul treachery had befallen the halfling. Then finally, with the moon well past its peak, Regis emerged from the gate, leading two horses and two ponies. The farmers and their families waved good-bye to him as he left, making him promise to stop and visit if he ever passed their way again. â€Å"Amazing,† laughed Drizzt. Bruenor and Wulfgar just shook their heads in disbelief. For the first time since he had entered the settlement, Regis pondered that his delay might have caused his friends some distress. The farmer had insisted that he join in for supper before they sat down to discuss whatever business he had come about, and since Regis had to be polite (and since he had only eaten one supper that day) he agreed, though he kept the meal as short as possible and politely declined, when offered his fourth helping. Getting the horses proved easy enough after that. All he had to do was promise to leave them with the wizards in Longsaddle when he and his friends moved on from there. Regis felt certain that his friends could not stay mad at him for very long. He had kept them waiting and worrying for half the night, but his endeavor would save them many days on a dangerous road. After an hour or two of feeling the wind rushing past them as they rode, they would forget any anger they held for him, he knew. Even if they didn’t so easily forgive, a good meal was always worth a little inconvenience to Regis. Drizzt purposely kept the party moving more to the east than the southeast. He found no landmarks on Bruenor’s map that would let him approximate the straight course to Longsaddle. If he tried the direct route and missed the mark, no matter how slightly, they would come upon the main road from the northern city of Mirabar not knowing whether to turn north or south. By going directly east, the drow was assured that they would hit the road to the north of Longsaddle. His path would add a few miles, but perhaps save them several days of backtracking. Their ride was clear and easy for the next day and night, and after that, Bruenor decided that they were far enough from Luskan to assume a more normal traveling schedule. â€Å"We can go by day, now,† he announced early in the afternoon of their second day with the horses. â€Å"I prefer the night,† Drizzt said. He had just awakened and was brushing down his slender, well-muscled black stallion. â€Å"Not me,† argued Regis. â€Å"Nights are for sleeping, and the horses are all but blind to holes and rocks that could lame them up.† â€Å"The best for both then,† offered Wulfgar, stretching the last sleep out of his bones. â€Å"We can leave after the sun peaks, keeping it behind us for Drizzt, and ride long into the night.† â€Å"Good thinking, lad,† laughed Bruenor. â€Å"Seems to be afternoon now, in fact. On the horses, then! Time’s for going!† â€Å"You might have held your thoughts to yourself until after supper!† Regis grumbled at Wulfgar, reluctantly hoisting the saddle onto the back of the little white pony. Wulfgar moved to help his struggling friend. â€Å"But we would have lost half a day’s ride,† he replied. â€Å"A pity that would have been,† Regis retorted. * * * That day, the fourth since they had left Luskan, the companions came upon the crags, a narrow stretch of broken mounds and rolling hills. A rough, untamed beauty defined the place, an overpowering sense of wilderness that gave every traveler here a feeling of conquest, that he might be the first to gaze upon any particular spot. And, as was always the case in the wilds, with the adventurous excitement came a degree of danger. They had barely entered the first dell in the up-and-down terrain when Drizzt spotted tracks that he knew well: the trampling march of an orc band. â€Å"Less than a day old,† he told his concerned companions. â€Å"How many?† asked Bruenor. Drizzt shrugged. â€Å"A dozen at least, maybe twice that number.† â€Å"We’ll keep to our path,† the dwarf suggested. â€Å"They’re in front of us, and that’s better’n behind.† When sunset came, marking the halfway point of that day’s journey, the companions took a short break, letting the horses graze in a small meadow. The orc trail was still before them, but Wulfgar, taking up the rear of the troupe had his sights trained behind. â€Å"We are being followed,† he said to his friends’ inquiring faces. â€Å"Orcs?† Regis asked. The barbarian shook his head. â€Å"None like I have ever seen. By my reckoning, our pursuit is cunning and cautious.† â€Å"Might be that the orcs here are more wise to the ways of goodly folk than be the orcs of the dale,† said Bruenor, but he suspected something other than orcs, and he didn’t have to look at Regis to know that the halfling shared his concerns. The first map marking that Regis had identified as an ancestral mound could not be far from their present position. â€Å"Back to the horses,† Drizzt suggested. â€Å"A hard ride might do much to improve our position.† â€Å"Go till after moonset,† Bruenor agreed. â€Å"And stop when ye’ve found a place we can hold against attack. I’ve a feeling we’re to see some fighting ‘fore the dawn finds us!† They encountered no tangible signs during the ride, which took them nearly across the span of the crags. Even the orc trail faded off to the north, leaving the path before them apparently clear. Wulfgar was certain, though, that he caught several sounds behind them, and movements along the periphery of his vision. Drizzt would have liked to continue until the crags were fully behind them, but in the harsh terrain, the horses had reached the limit of their endurance. He pulled up into a small copse of fir trees set on top of a small rise, fully suspecting, like the others, that unfriendly eyes were watching them from more than one direction. Drizzt was up one of the trees before the others had even dismounted. They tethered the horses close together and set themselves around the beasts. Even Regis would find no sleep, for, though he trusted Drizzt’s night vision, his blood had already begun pumping in anticipation of what was to come. Bruenor, a veteran of a hundred fights, felt secure enough in his battle prowess. He propped himself calmly against a tree, his many-notched axe across his chest, one hand firmly in place upon its handle. Wulfgar, though, made other preparations. He began by gathering together broken sticks and branches and sharpening their points. Seeking every advantage, he set them in strategic positions around the area to provide the best layout for his stand, using their deadly points to cut down the routes of approach for his attackers. Other sticks he cunningly concealed in angles that would trip up and stick the orcs before they ever reached him. Regis, the most nervous of all, watched it all and noted the differences in his friends’ tactics. He felt that there was little he could do to prepare himself for such a fight, and he sought only to keep himself far enough out of the way so as not to hinder the efforts of his friends. Perhaps the opportunity would arise for him to make a surprise strike, but he didn’t even consider such possibilities at this point. Bravery came to the halfling spontaneously. It was certainly nothing he ever planned. With all of their diversions and preparations deflecting their nervous anticipation, it came as almost a relief when, barely an hour later, their anxiety became reality. Drizzt whispered down to them that there was movement on the fields below the copse. â€Å"How many?† Bruenor called back. â€Å"Four to one against us, and maybe more,† Drizzt replied. The dwarf turned to Wulfgar. â€Å"Ye ready, boy?† Wulfgar slapped his hammer out before him. â€Å"Four against one?† he laughed. Bruenor liked the young warrior’s confidence, though the dwarf realized that the odds might actually prove more lopsided, since Regis wouldn’t likely be out in the open fighting. â€Å"Let ’em in, or hit them out in the field?† Bruenor asked Drizzt. â€Å"Let them in,† the drow replied. â€Å"Their stealthy approach shows me that they believe surprise is with them.† â€Å"And a turned surprise is better’n a first blow from afar,† Bruenor finished. â€Å"Do what ye can with yer bow when it’s started, elf. We’ll be waitin’ fer ye!† Wulfgar imagined the fire seething in the drow’s lavender eyes, a deadly gleam that always belied Drizzt’s outward calm before a battle. The barbarian took comfort, for the drow’s lust for battle outweighed even his own, and he had never seen the whirring scimitars outdone by any foe. He slapped his hammer again and crouched in a hole beside the roots of one of the trees. Bruenor slipped between the bulky bodies of two of the horses, pulling his feet up into a stirrup on each, and Regis, after he had stuffed the bedrolls to give the appearance of sleeping bodies, scooted under the low-hanging boughs of one of the trees. The orcs approached the camp in a ring, obviously looking for an easy strike. Drizzt smiled in hope as he noted the gaps in their ring, open flanks that would prevent quick support to any isolated group. The whole band would hit the perimeter of the copse together, and Wulfgar, closest to the edge, would most likely launch the first strike. The orcs crept in, one group slipping toward the horses, another toward the bedrolls. Four of them passed Wulfgar, but he waited a second longer, allowing the others to get close enough to the horses for Bruenor to strike. Then the time for hiding had ended. Wulfgar sprang from his concealment, Aegis-fang, his magical warhammer, already in motion. â€Å"Tempus!† he cried to his god of battle, and his first blow crashed in, swatting two of the orcs to the ground. The other group rushed to get the horses free and out of the camp, hoping to cut off any escape route. But were greeted by the snarling dwarf and his ringing axe! As the surprised orcs leaped into the saddles, Bruenor clove one down the middle, and took a second one’s head clean from its shoulders before the remaining two even knew that they had been attacked. Drizzt picked as targets the orcs closest to the groups under attack, delaying the support against his friends for as long as possible. His bowstring twanged, once, twice, and a third time, and a like number of orcs fell to the earth, their eyes closed and their hands helplessly clenched upon the shafts of the killing arrows. The surprise strikes had cut deeply into the ranks of their enemies, and now the drow pulled his scimitars and dropped from his perch, confident that he and his companions could finish the rest off quickly. His smile was short-lived, though, for as he descended, he noticed more movement in the field. Drizzt had come down in the middle of three creatures, his blades in motion before his feet had even touched the ground. The orcs were not totally surprised – one had seen the drow dropping – but Drizzt had them off balance and swinging around to bring their weapons to bear. With the drow’s lightninglike strikes, any delay at all meant certain death, and Drizzt was the only one in the jumble of bodies under control. His scimitars slashed and thrust into orcan flesh with killing precision. Wulfgar’s fortunes were equally bright. He faced two of the creatures, and though they were vicious fighters, they could not match the giant barbarian’s power. One got its crude weapon up in time to block Wulfgar’s swing, but Aegis-fang blasted through the defense, shattering the weapon and then the unfortunate orc’s skull without even slowing for the effort. Bruenor fell into trouble first. His initial attacks went off perfectly, leaving him with only two standing opponents – odds that the dwarf liked. But in the excitement, the horses reared and bolted, tearing their tethers free from the branches. Bruenor tumbled to the ground, and before he could recover, was clipped in the head by the hoof of his own pony. One of the orcs was similarly thrown down, but the last one landed free of the commotion and rushed to finish off the stunned dwarf as the horses cleared the area. Luckily, one of those spontaneous moments of bravery came over Regis at that moment. He slipped out from under the tree, falling in silently behind the orc. It was tall for an orc, and even on the tips of his toes, Regis did not like the angle of a strike at its head. Shrugging resignedly, the halfling reversed his strategy. Before the orc could even begin to strike at Bruenor, the halfling’s mace came up between its knees and higher, driving into its groin and lifting it clear off the ground. The howling victim grasped at its injury, its eyes lolling about aimlessly, and dropped to the ground with no further ambitions for battle. It had all happened in an instant, but victory was not yet won. Another six orcs poured into the fray, two cutting off Drizzt’s attempt to get to Regis and Bruenor, three more going to the aid of their lone companion facing the giant barbarian. And one, creeping along the same line Regis had taken, closed on the unsuspecting halfling. At the same moment Regis made out the drow’s warning call, a club slammed between his shoulder blades, blasting the wind from his lungs and tossing him to the ground. Wulfgar was pressed on all four sides, and despite his boasts before the battle, he found that he didn’t care for the situation. He concentrated on parrying, hoping that the drow could get to him before his defenses broke down. He was too badly outnumbered. An orcan blade cut into a rib, another clipped his arm. Drizzt knew that he could defeat the two he now faced, but doubted that it would be in time for him to help his barbarian friend. Or the halfling. And there were still reinforcements on the field. Regis rolled onto his back to lay right beside Bruenor, and the dwarf’s groaning told him that the fight was over for both of them. Then the orc was above him, its club raised above its head, and an evil smile spread wide upon its ugly face. Regis closed his eyes, having no desire to watch the descent of the blow that would kill him. Then he heard the sound of impact†¦above him. Startled, he opened his eyes. A hatchet was embedded into his attacker’s chest. The orc looked down at it, stunned. The club dropped harmlessly behind the orc, and it, too, fell backward, quite dead. Regis didn’t understand. â€Å"Wulfgar?† he asked into the air. A huge form, nearly as large as Wulfgar’s, sprang over him and pounced upon the orc, savagely tearing the hatchet free. He was human, and wearing the furs of a barbarian, but unlike the tribes of Icewind Dale, this man’s hair was black. â€Å"Oh, no,† Regis groaned, remembering his own warnings to Bruenor about the Uthgardt barbarians. The man had saved his life, but knowing the savage reputation, Regis doubted that a friendship would grow out of the encounter. He started to sit up, wanting to express his sincere thanks and dispel any unfriendly notions the barbarian might have about him. He even considered using the ruby pendant to evoke some friendly feelings. But the big man, noting the movement, spun suddenly and kicked him in the face. And Regis fell backward into blackness. How to cite Streams of Silver 5. The Crags, Essay examples

Develop Menus High Blood Pressure and Heart Rate

Question: Discuss about theDevelop Menusfor High Blood Pressure and Heart Rate. Answer: Introduction The patient, Mr. Giles, a 61-year-old male was admitted to a hospital with high blood pressure and heart rate. He had cholesterol and had a habit of smoking. Hence suffered a stroke and as a result had short-term memory loss. He had been under control since the last 14 months. However, he was overweight, had stomach problems, lack of energy, irritability and developed rashes on legs, occasionally. Due to the obesity, he was unable to walk without a walking stick and suffered from mild depression. He was admitted to a hospital, undergone some blood test and was detected with type 2 diabetes. The allergy test detected that the patient was allergic to nuts, raw tomatoes, garlic and nuts. Moreover, he was intolerant to wheat/gluten (Ceoliac) and lactose. 14-day menu that takes into account all allergies and intolerances the patient (Mr Giles) has. The menu and recipes must consist of the follow categories: Table 1: Menu Recipes Breakfast cup of high fibre breakfast cereal with low fat lactose free milk or 2 bread slices, toast (made of whole grain other than wheat) with avagado or margarine, grilled tomato, baked beans, 1 fruit (other than strawberry), tea or coffee. Lunch 1 /2 to 1 cup of pasta or cooked rice or two small potatoes. Other vegetables can be added as per requirement. 65 to 80 grams of lean meat, seafood, skinless poultry, egg or legumes like beans (1 cup cooked). 1 fruit (other than strawberry), tea, water or coffee. Dinner 1 bread slices (gluten free) served with margarine, or fat free mayonnaise made from lactose free milk. Vegetable salads (other than raw tomatoes). 65 to 80 grams of lean meat, or 100 grams of fish or seafood, skinless poultry, egg or legumes like beans (1 cup cooked). 1 fruit (other than strawberry), tea, coffee or water. With a choice at each meal period 1 fruit (other than strawberry) 1 cup lactose free yoghurt, 1 slice bread (gluten free, made of grain other than wheat), high fibre crispy breads or crackers. Table 2: Week 1 Menu Plan Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Breakfast 2 bread slices + low fat lactose free milk+ tea Toast with thinly spread margarine+ baked beans+ 1 fruit +tea Low fat lactose free milk+ 2 bread slices+ coffee+ 1 fruit Toast+ grilled tomatoes +tea+ 1 fruit 2 bread slices + low fat lactose free milk+ tea Toast with thinly spread margarine+ baked beans+ 1 fruit +tea Low fat lactose free milk+ 2 bread slices+ coffee+ 1 fruit Lunch 1 bread roll+ vegetables+ 1 egg+ 1 fruit + coffee 2 bread slices+ vegetable+ seafood+ low fat lactose free yoghurt+ tea 1 cup cooked pasta+ vegetables+ lean meat+ fatless lactose free custard 1 cup sweet corn+ egg+ vegetables+ beans+ low fat lactose free yoghurt+ coffee 2 medium potatoes+ vegetable+ legumes+ 1 fruit+ tea 1 cup sweet potato+ vegetable+ lentils+ custard 1 cup cooked rice+ skinless poultry+ vegetables + fat reduced cheese+ 1 fruit+ tea Dinner 1 sandwich (2 bread slices) with thinly spread margarine+ vegetables for salad+ skinless poultry+ 1 fruit+ tea 1 bread roll with avocado+ salad vegetable+ fat reduced cheese+ 1 fruit+ coffee 4 bread biscuits+ vegetable+ lean meat+ 1 fruit+ tea 2 bread slices with thinly spread margarine+ vegetable for salad+ beans+ tea 1 sandwich (2 bread slices) with thinly spread margarine+ vegetables for salad+ seafood+ 1 fruit+ tea 1 bread roll with fat free mayonnaise+ salad vegetable+ egg+ 1 fruit+ coffee 4 bread biscuits+ vegetable+ legumes+ 1 fruit+ coffee With a choice at each meal period 2 high fibre crisp breads 1 cup low fat lactose free milk 2 high fibre crackers 1 slice fruit bread 1 cup of low fat lactose free yoghurt 1 fruit 1 slice of bread (gluten free) Table 3: Week 2 Menu Plan Day 8 Day 9 Day 10 Day 11 Day 12 Day 13 Day 14 Breakfast Toast with thinly spread margarine+ baked beans+ 1 fruit +tea Baked beans+ toast with thinly spread jam +1 fruit+ coffee Low fat lactose free milk+ 2 bread slices+ coffee+ 1 fruit Toast+ grilled tomatoes +tea+ 1 fruit Toast with thinly spread margarine+ baked beans+ 1 fruit +tea Baked beans+ toast with thinly spread jam +1 fruit+ coffee Low fat lactose free milk+ 2 bread slices+ coffee+ 1 fruit Lunch 1 cup cooked pasta+ vegetables+ lean meat+ fatless lactose free yoghurt 1 cup sweet corn+ egg+ vegetables+ beans+ custard+ fruit 2 medium potatoes+ vegetable+ lentils+ 1 fruit+ tea 2 bread slices+ vegetable+ seafood+ low fat lactose free yoghurt+ tea 1 cup cooked rice+ skinless poultry+ vegetables + fat reduced cheese+ 1 fruit 1 bread roll+ vegetables+ 1 egg+ 1 fruit + coffee 1 cup sweet potato+ vegetable+ lentils+ low fat yoghurt+ coffee Dinner 1 bread roll with avocado+ salad vegetable+ legumes+ 1 fruit+ coffee 4 bread biscuits+ vegetable salad+ egg+ 1 fruit+ tea 2 bread slices with thinly spread margarine+ vegetable for salad+ seafood+ tea 4 bread biscuits+ vegetable salads+ lentils+ 1 fruit+ coffee 1 sandwich (2 bread slices) with thinly spread fat free mayonnaise+ vegetables for salad+ skinless poultry+ 1 fruit+ coffee 2 bread slices with thinly spread avocado+ vegetable for salad+ lean meat+ tea 4 bread biscuits+ vegetable salads+ skinless poultry+ 1 fruit+ tea With a choice at each meal period 1 fruit 1 cup of low fat lactose free yoghurt 1 slice of bread (gluten free) 2 high fibre crisp breads 1 cup low fat lactose free milk 1 slice fruit bread 2 high fibre crackers In compiling the menu, several issues or constraints due to the establishment have been highlighted: Giles diet plan has been planned in accordance to the allergies and intolerances he was detected with in the blood test. He was allergic to nuts, garlic, raw tomatoes and strawberries. In the diet plan, baked or grilled tomatoes have replaced the raw tomatoes. Raw tomatoes are excluded from the vegetables in the salad or as side dishes. Among fruits, all fruits are included other than strawberries as the patient is allergic to strawberries The spread on the bread in the breakfast, dinner or between meals are devoid of peanut butter or any nuts and replaced by avocado. Nuts and garlic are not included in the diet as the patient is allergic to them. Gluten free breads are recommended in the diet plan, as the patient is intolerant to wheat/gluten. The patient is intolerant to lactose; hence, lactose free milk and yoghurt have been included in the diet plan. The choice of ingredients and the dishes have been analyzed and the dishes are considered to be suitable and in compliance with the dietary restrictions. The meal is planned for a 61 year old, male patient with diabetes such that- the size of the servings are appropriate for him, the meals are spread uniformly, they are capable of providing balanced diet, the meal panned has low content of fat, specifically saturated fat. The diet plan is containing high fiber carbohydrates like cereals, breads, beans, vegetables and fruits. As per the instructions by the dietician, the dishes must have the fat content of less than 2% o free from cholesterol. Hence, the diet has been planned following the dieticians instructions. Moreover, the patient as found to be gaining weight as well as had high cholesterol issues. Moreover, the patient had low energy levels. Hence, the patient was in high requirement of diet with good fats. The fats are the sources of energy found in all food items. Nevertheless, the type and quantity of fat intake is vital for maintaining a healthy life. However, consuming high amount of fat may lead to gaining of weight. It will also contribute to increasing the blood glucose level making the patient severely ill. Hence, the diet has been planned with small amounts of fat, which will impart good taste to the food as well as it will also reduce the risk of developing further cardiovascular complications which the patient already encountered two years back. According to the Australian dietary guidelines, the diet needs to be balanced and must contain all the five food groups. The five food groups include: Vegetables and legumes Fruits Wholegrain cereals or high fiber containing cereal food Lean meat, fish, poultry, eggs, nuts, seeds and legumes Reduced fat milk, cheese and yoghurt According to the Australian dietary guidelines, unsaturated fats and oils can be permitted for cooking. Moreover, nuts and seed can also be included in the diet for patients of age less than 70 years, male. The prescribed quantity is 28 to 40 grams per day (diabetesnsw.com.au, 2016). Table 4: Diet plan for 61 year old male as per Australian dietary guidelines Men 51-70 years Vegetables and legumes Fruits Grains (Cereal) Lean meat, fish, poultry, eggs, nuts, seeds and legumes Reduced fat milk, cheese and yoghurt 5.5 2 6 2.5 2.5 The menu that has been framed meets all the 5 food groups in the recommended quantities. The diet that has been planned contains all the items from the food groups like the cereals (breads), vegetables and legumes like beans, tomatoes, fruits, vegetable salads, beverages like tea, coffee or water. The diet also contains lean meat, fish, eggs and seeds. It contains reduced fat milk, cheese and yoghurt. However, the diet does not contain the nuts as per the guidelines as the patient is allergic to nuts and the milk or yoghurt prescribed in the diet plan is lactose free as the patient has intolerant to it (Ramsden et., 2013). The dishes are planned such that the fat management is properly done. Hence, the menu contains baked, grilled, fat free food items as well as the alcohols or such beverages are also limited in the diet plan. Skinless chicken is recommended to reduce the trans fat and saturated fat intake. Fried foods are avoided. The menu limits fats, salts, sugar and alcohol. The menu contains low fat milk, yoghurt and lean meat. Butter, coconut cream or such saturated or trans saturated fat rich food items are not included in the diet plan, the diet plan does not contain any high sugar containing food. However, the diet plans of diabetes may contain sugar, hence, the sugar content in vegetables like potatoes, sweet corn, although their quantity has been limited. The diet plan does not contain any alcohol; however, lite beers can be added as they have less than 3% alcohol content. As a result, it would not contribute to weight gain. The quantity of salt in the diet is also maintained well while planning the diet. The food must be prepared and stored safely for wellbeing of the patient and ensure his speedy recovery. The food must be prepared in a hygienic environment and stored properly such that the food does not get contaminated. Moreover, special attention must be provided as the patient had stomach issues, hence food should be cooked well and easily digestible. The following points have played significant part while planning the diet for the patient: The nutrients and the food sources are carbohydrates (potatoes), fats (reduced fat milk), proteins (fish, meat, eggs). The kind of food planned in the diet chart have possible influences in weight loss, less chances of heart diseases, the diet has been planned as per the patient requirement and allergies. The foods and beverages selected are tea, coffee or water in limited quantity. The food labeling and interpretation were also taken into account for planning the diet. The food additives are not used in the diet to ensure further reactions like rashes or digestion related problems are eliminated. Poor food choices may lead to deterioration of the patient as if the allergens might cause allergic reactions or the lactose might cause rashes in the patient. Consumption of high fat containing food might increase weight and cause heart diseases. However, the diet has been planned considering all the issues. Following good and healthy food habits like the one planned in the diet chart will help avoid dietary diseases like heart diseases, obesity and diabetes. Baked, grilled and boiled foods are the healthy choices of cooking that would ensure proper digestion, weight management and healthy life. The choices of the food in the diet chart are planned as per the patient preferences. This would facilitate active participation in the food related habits that will accelerate the recovery procedure of the patient. The few other things that are to be considered for discussion with the dietician are: Whether the patient was compliant to the previous diet plan. Reason: the compliance of the patient to previous diet will facilitate the treatment procedures. Whether the patient has serious dental problems. Reason: The information on patients dental condition will help in maintaining the texture and consistency of the food. If the patient has dental problems, he might need food that can be chewed easily. This will enhance the ability of the patient to digest the foods easily. Whether the patient has any special dietary requirement like vegetarian diet, religion and belief based diets. Reason: The information and knowledge regarding the special dietary requirements by the patient will help promoting the entire nutrition process and the patient preferences can be accommodated accordingly. References: Ramsden, C. E., Zamora, D., Leelarthaepin, B., Majchrzak-Hong, S. F., Faurot, K. R., Suchindran, C. M., ... Hibbeln, J. R. (2013). Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death: evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta-analysis.Bmj,346. www.diabetesnsw.com.au,. (2016). Retrieved 27 October 2016, from https://diabetesnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/DA-15-Food-choices-for-people-with-diabetes.pdf

Develop Menus High Blood Pressure and Heart Rate

Question: Discuss about theDevelop Menusfor High Blood Pressure and Heart Rate. Answer: Introduction The patient, Mr. Giles, a 61-year-old male was admitted to a hospital with high blood pressure and heart rate. He had cholesterol and had a habit of smoking. Hence suffered a stroke and as a result had short-term memory loss. He had been under control since the last 14 months. However, he was overweight, had stomach problems, lack of energy, irritability and developed rashes on legs, occasionally. Due to the obesity, he was unable to walk without a walking stick and suffered from mild depression. He was admitted to a hospital, undergone some blood test and was detected with type 2 diabetes. The allergy test detected that the patient was allergic to nuts, raw tomatoes, garlic and nuts. Moreover, he was intolerant to wheat/gluten (Ceoliac) and lactose. 14-day menu that takes into account all allergies and intolerances the patient (Mr Giles) has. The menu and recipes must consist of the follow categories: Table 1: Menu Recipes Breakfast cup of high fibre breakfast cereal with low fat lactose free milk or 2 bread slices, toast (made of whole grain other than wheat) with avagado or margarine, grilled tomato, baked beans, 1 fruit (other than strawberry), tea or coffee. Lunch 1 /2 to 1 cup of pasta or cooked rice or two small potatoes. Other vegetables can be added as per requirement. 65 to 80 grams of lean meat, seafood, skinless poultry, egg or legumes like beans (1 cup cooked). 1 fruit (other than strawberry), tea, water or coffee. Dinner 1 bread slices (gluten free) served with margarine, or fat free mayonnaise made from lactose free milk. Vegetable salads (other than raw tomatoes). 65 to 80 grams of lean meat, or 100 grams of fish or seafood, skinless poultry, egg or legumes like beans (1 cup cooked). 1 fruit (other than strawberry), tea, coffee or water. With a choice at each meal period 1 fruit (other than strawberry) 1 cup lactose free yoghurt, 1 slice bread (gluten free, made of grain other than wheat), high fibre crispy breads or crackers. Table 2: Week 1 Menu Plan Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Breakfast 2 bread slices + low fat lactose free milk+ tea Toast with thinly spread margarine+ baked beans+ 1 fruit +tea Low fat lactose free milk+ 2 bread slices+ coffee+ 1 fruit Toast+ grilled tomatoes +tea+ 1 fruit 2 bread slices + low fat lactose free milk+ tea Toast with thinly spread margarine+ baked beans+ 1 fruit +tea Low fat lactose free milk+ 2 bread slices+ coffee+ 1 fruit Lunch 1 bread roll+ vegetables+ 1 egg+ 1 fruit + coffee 2 bread slices+ vegetable+ seafood+ low fat lactose free yoghurt+ tea 1 cup cooked pasta+ vegetables+ lean meat+ fatless lactose free custard 1 cup sweet corn+ egg+ vegetables+ beans+ low fat lactose free yoghurt+ coffee 2 medium potatoes+ vegetable+ legumes+ 1 fruit+ tea 1 cup sweet potato+ vegetable+ lentils+ custard 1 cup cooked rice+ skinless poultry+ vegetables + fat reduced cheese+ 1 fruit+ tea Dinner 1 sandwich (2 bread slices) with thinly spread margarine+ vegetables for salad+ skinless poultry+ 1 fruit+ tea 1 bread roll with avocado+ salad vegetable+ fat reduced cheese+ 1 fruit+ coffee 4 bread biscuits+ vegetable+ lean meat+ 1 fruit+ tea 2 bread slices with thinly spread margarine+ vegetable for salad+ beans+ tea 1 sandwich (2 bread slices) with thinly spread margarine+ vegetables for salad+ seafood+ 1 fruit+ tea 1 bread roll with fat free mayonnaise+ salad vegetable+ egg+ 1 fruit+ coffee 4 bread biscuits+ vegetable+ legumes+ 1 fruit+ coffee With a choice at each meal period 2 high fibre crisp breads 1 cup low fat lactose free milk 2 high fibre crackers 1 slice fruit bread 1 cup of low fat lactose free yoghurt 1 fruit 1 slice of bread (gluten free) Table 3: Week 2 Menu Plan Day 8 Day 9 Day 10 Day 11 Day 12 Day 13 Day 14 Breakfast Toast with thinly spread margarine+ baked beans+ 1 fruit +tea Baked beans+ toast with thinly spread jam +1 fruit+ coffee Low fat lactose free milk+ 2 bread slices+ coffee+ 1 fruit Toast+ grilled tomatoes +tea+ 1 fruit Toast with thinly spread margarine+ baked beans+ 1 fruit +tea Baked beans+ toast with thinly spread jam +1 fruit+ coffee Low fat lactose free milk+ 2 bread slices+ coffee+ 1 fruit Lunch 1 cup cooked pasta+ vegetables+ lean meat+ fatless lactose free yoghurt 1 cup sweet corn+ egg+ vegetables+ beans+ custard+ fruit 2 medium potatoes+ vegetable+ lentils+ 1 fruit+ tea 2 bread slices+ vegetable+ seafood+ low fat lactose free yoghurt+ tea 1 cup cooked rice+ skinless poultry+ vegetables + fat reduced cheese+ 1 fruit 1 bread roll+ vegetables+ 1 egg+ 1 fruit + coffee 1 cup sweet potato+ vegetable+ lentils+ low fat yoghurt+ coffee Dinner 1 bread roll with avocado+ salad vegetable+ legumes+ 1 fruit+ coffee 4 bread biscuits+ vegetable salad+ egg+ 1 fruit+ tea 2 bread slices with thinly spread margarine+ vegetable for salad+ seafood+ tea 4 bread biscuits+ vegetable salads+ lentils+ 1 fruit+ coffee 1 sandwich (2 bread slices) with thinly spread fat free mayonnaise+ vegetables for salad+ skinless poultry+ 1 fruit+ coffee 2 bread slices with thinly spread avocado+ vegetable for salad+ lean meat+ tea 4 bread biscuits+ vegetable salads+ skinless poultry+ 1 fruit+ tea With a choice at each meal period 1 fruit 1 cup of low fat lactose free yoghurt 1 slice of bread (gluten free) 2 high fibre crisp breads 1 cup low fat lactose free milk 1 slice fruit bread 2 high fibre crackers In compiling the menu, several issues or constraints due to the establishment have been highlighted: Giles diet plan has been planned in accordance to the allergies and intolerances he was detected with in the blood test. He was allergic to nuts, garlic, raw tomatoes and strawberries. In the diet plan, baked or grilled tomatoes have replaced the raw tomatoes. Raw tomatoes are excluded from the vegetables in the salad or as side dishes. Among fruits, all fruits are included other than strawberries as the patient is allergic to strawberries The spread on the bread in the breakfast, dinner or between meals are devoid of peanut butter or any nuts and replaced by avocado. Nuts and garlic are not included in the diet as the patient is allergic to them. Gluten free breads are recommended in the diet plan, as the patient is intolerant to wheat/gluten. The patient is intolerant to lactose; hence, lactose free milk and yoghurt have been included in the diet plan. The choice of ingredients and the dishes have been analyzed and the dishes are considered to be suitable and in compliance with the dietary restrictions. The meal is planned for a 61 year old, male patient with diabetes such that- the size of the servings are appropriate for him, the meals are spread uniformly, they are capable of providing balanced diet, the meal panned has low content of fat, specifically saturated fat. The diet plan is containing high fiber carbohydrates like cereals, breads, beans, vegetables and fruits. As per the instructions by the dietician, the dishes must have the fat content of less than 2% o free from cholesterol. Hence, the diet has been planned following the dieticians instructions. Moreover, the patient as found to be gaining weight as well as had high cholesterol issues. Moreover, the patient had low energy levels. Hence, the patient was in high requirement of diet with good fats. The fats are the sources of energy found in all food items. Nevertheless, the type and quantity of fat intake is vital for maintaining a healthy life. However, consuming high amount of fat may lead to gaining of weight. It will also contribute to increasing the blood glucose level making the patient severely ill. Hence, the diet has been planned with small amounts of fat, which will impart good taste to the food as well as it will also reduce the risk of developing further cardiovascular complications which the patient already encountered two years back. According to the Australian dietary guidelines, the diet needs to be balanced and must contain all the five food groups. The five food groups include: Vegetables and legumes Fruits Wholegrain cereals or high fiber containing cereal food Lean meat, fish, poultry, eggs, nuts, seeds and legumes Reduced fat milk, cheese and yoghurt According to the Australian dietary guidelines, unsaturated fats and oils can be permitted for cooking. Moreover, nuts and seed can also be included in the diet for patients of age less than 70 years, male. The prescribed quantity is 28 to 40 grams per day (diabetesnsw.com.au, 2016). Table 4: Diet plan for 61 year old male as per Australian dietary guidelines Men 51-70 years Vegetables and legumes Fruits Grains (Cereal) Lean meat, fish, poultry, eggs, nuts, seeds and legumes Reduced fat milk, cheese and yoghurt 5.5 2 6 2.5 2.5 The menu that has been framed meets all the 5 food groups in the recommended quantities. The diet that has been planned contains all the items from the food groups like the cereals (breads), vegetables and legumes like beans, tomatoes, fruits, vegetable salads, beverages like tea, coffee or water. The diet also contains lean meat, fish, eggs and seeds. It contains reduced fat milk, cheese and yoghurt. However, the diet does not contain the nuts as per the guidelines as the patient is allergic to nuts and the milk or yoghurt prescribed in the diet plan is lactose free as the patient has intolerant to it (Ramsden et., 2013). The dishes are planned such that the fat management is properly done. Hence, the menu contains baked, grilled, fat free food items as well as the alcohols or such beverages are also limited in the diet plan. Skinless chicken is recommended to reduce the trans fat and saturated fat intake. Fried foods are avoided. The menu limits fats, salts, sugar and alcohol. The menu contains low fat milk, yoghurt and lean meat. Butter, coconut cream or such saturated or trans saturated fat rich food items are not included in the diet plan, the diet plan does not contain any high sugar containing food. However, the diet plans of diabetes may contain sugar, hence, the sugar content in vegetables like potatoes, sweet corn, although their quantity has been limited. The diet plan does not contain any alcohol; however, lite beers can be added as they have less than 3% alcohol content. As a result, it would not contribute to weight gain. The quantity of salt in the diet is also maintained well while planning the diet. The food must be prepared and stored safely for wellbeing of the patient and ensure his speedy recovery. The food must be prepared in a hygienic environment and stored properly such that the food does not get contaminated. Moreover, special attention must be provided as the patient had stomach issues, hence food should be cooked well and easily digestible. The following points have played significant part while planning the diet for the patient: The nutrients and the food sources are carbohydrates (potatoes), fats (reduced fat milk), proteins (fish, meat, eggs). The kind of food planned in the diet chart have possible influences in weight loss, less chances of heart diseases, the diet has been planned as per the patient requirement and allergies. The foods and beverages selected are tea, coffee or water in limited quantity. The food labeling and interpretation were also taken into account for planning the diet. The food additives are not used in the diet to ensure further reactions like rashes or digestion related problems are eliminated. Poor food choices may lead to deterioration of the patient as if the allergens might cause allergic reactions or the lactose might cause rashes in the patient. Consumption of high fat containing food might increase weight and cause heart diseases. However, the diet has been planned considering all the issues. Following good and healthy food habits like the one planned in the diet chart will help avoid dietary diseases like heart diseases, obesity and diabetes. Baked, grilled and boiled foods are the healthy choices of cooking that would ensure proper digestion, weight management and healthy life. The choices of the food in the diet chart are planned as per the patient preferences. This would facilitate active participation in the food related habits that will accelerate the recovery procedure of the patient. The few other things that are to be considered for discussion with the dietician are: Whether the patient was compliant to the previous diet plan. Reason: the compliance of the patient to previous diet will facilitate the treatment procedures. Whether the patient has serious dental problems. Reason: The information on patients dental condition will help in maintaining the texture and consistency of the food. If the patient has dental problems, he might need food that can be chewed easily. This will enhance the ability of the patient to digest the foods easily. Whether the patient has any special dietary requirement like vegetarian diet, religion and belief based diets. Reason: The information and knowledge regarding the special dietary requirements by the patient will help promoting the entire nutrition process and the patient preferences can be accommodated accordingly. References: Ramsden, C. E., Zamora, D., Leelarthaepin, B., Majchrzak-Hong, S. F., Faurot, K. R., Suchindran, C. M., ... Hibbeln, J. R. (2013). Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death: evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta-analysis.Bmj,346. www.diabetesnsw.com.au,. (2016). Retrieved 27 October 2016, from https://diabetesnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/DA-15-Food-choices-for-people-with-diabetes.pdf

American Poet Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

American Poet Mrs. Glasser and Mrs. Rau have a lot in common. They're both English teachers and they both work at Sachem North. They are also married with no kids. But that's where the similarities stop. They have different opinions and different likes and dislikes. Mrs. Glasser was born on February 21 in Smithtown. Her first name is Diane and She's an Aquarius. She is the youngest out of 3 children in her family. She's not really sure of her favorite color. She likes the group Destinies Child and her favorite movie over the summer was what lies beneath. She loves junk food and anything salty. In school her favorite subjects were Math and English. As a cheerleader she entered many competitions. Her favorite room in her home is the living room because she knows all her work is done and she can relax. The saddest time in her life was when her parents died and the happiest was when she got married. She has no kids, but she's got 2 cats. Her goal in life is to be successful. She's attracted to people with a positive attitude on life. If she could change anything about herself, she would be more spontaneous. Mrs. Rau was born on January 24 in Brooklyn. Like Mrs. Glasser, Mrs. Rau is also an Aquarius. She's the oldest of 3 children in her family. Her favorite colors are red, yellow, and purple because they are bright happy colors. The kind of music she likes is rhythm and blues, but she hates rap. Her Favorite movies are Silent Storm, Little Shop of Horrors, and Ace Ventura. These movies are funny and make her laugh. She likes Italian foods and foods with spices. She doesn't like desserts though. She enjoys reading, running, weight lifting, gardening, landscaping, and boating. Her favorite rooms in her home are the living room and the work out room. The saddest moment of her life is when her younger cousin died. Her goal in life is to teach English. She hopes to retire someday and move to a roomy house near water. If she could change anything about herself it would be her height because she is too small. She likes people who are responsible and hates people who use and take advantage of o ther people. Mrs. Glasser and Mrs. Rau have a lot in common. The difference is that they have certain likes and dislikes. Poetry and Poets

Cherokee Tribes essays

Cherokee Tribes essays The Cherokee Indians were one of the civilized tribes in the United States. They were located in the southeastern part of the U.S. This includes the western parts of North and South Carolina, The northern parts of Alabama and Georgia, Southwest Virginia and the Cumberland basin of Tennessee. It appears the Cherokee settled in 1000 A.D. to 1500 A.D. Their development took place in to stages or phases. The Pisgah which took place 1300 A.D. to 1540 A.D. and the Qualla which took place 1540 A.D. to 1750 A.D. The first period was primitive and the second was influenced by European contact. They were a large tribe that was part of the Iroquian language group even though their language is very different. Despite this the Cherokee developed written language due to contact with the white men. They were very interested in learning the white men ways. Although there is a lot written about the Cherokee and Europeans, the focus here will be Cherokee life including daily life, marriage, governmen t, and war. Cherokee villages consisted of groups of relatives that included members of at least four clans. They grew crops outside their villages. There were also some fields inside the villages. Each family had a marked section of the field. Both men and women helped in farming every section. As with many tribes the men were responsible for hunting, fishing, building houses and council lodges, made important decisions, performed religious ceremonies, trained young boys and defended the village. The Cherokee women were responsible for the home, raising the children, helping in the fields, preparing and gathering food, washing and making clothes, and making baskets and pottery. Even though The Cherokee were a matrilineal society only certain women were allowed to have input in council decisions. The Cherokee had many rules and regulations to live by and since they have a strong sense of tradition these rules were not challenged until they came into c...

Economics of State and Local Governments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Economics of State and Local Governments - Essay Example Migration of individuals is not frequent since people are strongly attached to their jobs, family, friends and homes, and hence they tend to remain in their recent states. This paper will discuss whether taxes and economic incentives affect business and personal mobility decisions and how effective state economic incentives are. Taxes and economic incentives affect businesses in different ways. In certain ways, taxes and economic incentives affect the businesses positively but in other ways affect businesses negatively. However, the particular effects to businesses depend on the type and form of the taxes and the economic incentives and how deep they touch on the businesses. This is because the taxes and economic incentives are of different nature and affect businesses differently in terms of the size of business and the sector that they operate in. From the executive summary of the research on Tax Flight by Robert Tannenwald, tax increase has a very small effect on the migration of households and therefore any state that would increase taxes can be guaranteed of a considerable gain in revenue. In the report, people mostly migrate when they find cheaper housing facilities and not when taxes are lowered. The difference in housing between two states is usually higher than the difference in taxes and therefore it may seem as if one moves from a state to the other to find a place with lower taxes but in real sense they move due to cheaper housing (Tannenwald, 1). According to recent research, an increase in income tax barely causes any movement from one state to another both for individuals and businesses. Economic incentives are not the core factors that influence the decision of location of businesses. The decisions mostly depend on market aspects and the quality-of-life aspects. Also, the availability of raw materials for a business does influence the location of the business.

Music from Baroque to Romantic Period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music from Baroque to Romantic Period - Essay Example Classical music is a category of music composed and produced in and embedded in the traditions of the western practices and secular music. In addition it is characterized by the use of wind instruments. This period led to the growth of a variety of presentation and style, Piano as the primary keyboard instrument and types of music composition. Music writing on chambers became more common and involved many performers like 8-10, Opera become recognized in countries such as Italy, France and Germany speaking states and humorist opera became common. Major composers during this period were Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven, Clive, Peter. †¨Mozart was classic music composer, conductor and violinist and music teacher between 1719 -1787.Beethoven was a music composer and pianist from Germany and an influential composer world wide. Initially he was not a composer as he spent most of his time playing the piano and violin under the assistance of Joseph Hayden who was an Austrian most famous and creative music composer from 1732-1809 of classic rhymes especially in courts where he sang for rich Hungarians. Due to his significant role he was commonly called father of symphony and string quartet. Further, he was influential in the growth of piano trio and growth of sonata form, Clive, P. Romantic music was distinguished by melody and rhythm, expressive and emotional aspects. In the 19th century it was commonly referred as the period of the period of classical music in Europe since it is the era when Ludwig wrote his Erotic Symphony.

Wirless Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wirless - Essay Example As cell phones are easier than laptops to lug around, it becomes convenient for cell phone owners to check their emails from their cell phones. Text messages, video camera and other applications that cell phones offer today, I believe, are not as important as the previous needs. However, I consider text messages to be more significant than the video camera and other features. They are useful in passing information to others quickly, or to remind them about the schedule or location of a meeting, especially when one cannot make a call, due to any network or other issues. Cell phones will, soon, come equipped with more devices and applications making them more beneficial, and this might result in some health hazards to people. However, that is not a proven fact. While comparing AT&T, T-MOBILE, VERIZON and SPRINT some of the biggest cell phone service providing companies, it was discovered that all of them have some advantages and disadvantages. We found that SPRINT has the best coverage in the Chicago area, but SPRINT also is the most expensive as compared to other service providers. AT&T, which I use right now, is almost identical to VERIZON. These two companies have a very close competition. However, AT&T is winning right now because of the deal they have with Apple regarding their product, the iPhone. The iPhone is very popular with the customers, and because there are new people buying iPhone everyday, new customers are constantly coming to AT&T for cell phone services. However, the coverage both companies offer is not as excellent as SPRINT, although it is still good, moreover, the rates of both are quite high too. T-MOBILE has average coverage and their rates are not too high either; it does not cost a lot, but the coverage is not ver y excellent either. My recommendation is that the choice should be made depending on the desire of the consumer. The

The History of the Clock

The History of the Clock The history of clocks is very long, and there have been many different types of clocks over the centuries. Not all historians agree on the history of the clock. The word clock was first used in the 14th century (about 700 years ago). It comes from the word for bell in Latin (clocca). Using the Sun The first way that people could tell the time was by looking at the sun as it crossed the sky. When the sun was directly overhead in the sky, it was the middle of the day, or noon. When the sun was close to the horizon, it was either early morning (sunrise) or early evening (sunset). Telling the time was not very accurate. Sundial Clocks The oldest type of clock is a sundial clock, also called a sun clock. They were first used around 3,500 B.C. (about 5,500 years ago). Sundials use the sun to tell the time. The shadow of the sun points to a number on a circular disk that shows you the time. In the big picture below on the right, the shadow created by the sun points to 9, so it is nine oclock. Since sundials depend on the sun, they can only be used to tell the time during the day. Water Clocks Around 1400 B.C. (about 3,400 years ago), water clocks were invented in Egypt. The name for a water clock is clepsydra (pronounced KLEP-suh-druh). A water clock was made of two containers of water, one higher than the other. Water traveled from the higher container to the lower container through a tube connecting the containers. The containers had marks showing the water level, and the marks told the time. Water clocks were very popular in Greece, where they were improved many times over the years. Look at the picture below. Water drips from the higher container to the lower container. As the water level rises in the lower container, it raises the float on the surface of the water. The float is connected to a stick with notches, and as the stick rises, the notches turn a gear, which moves the hand that points to the time. Water clocks worked better than sundials because they told the time at night as well as during the day. They were also more accurate than sundials. Dividing the Year into Months and Days The Greeks divided the year into twelve parts that are called months. They divided each month into thirty parts that are called days. Their year had a total of 360 days, or 12 times 30 (12 x 30 = 360). Since the Earth goes around the Sun in one year and follows an almost circular path, the Greeks decided to divide the circle into 360 degrees. Dividing the Day into Hours, Minutes, and Seconds The Egyptians and Babylonians decided to divide the day from sunrise to sunset into twelve parts that are called hours. They also divided the night, the time from sunset to sunrise, into twelve hours. But the day and the night are not the same length, and the length of the day and night also changes through the year. This system of measuring the time was not very accurate because the length of an hour changed depending on the time of year. This meant that water clocks had to be adjusted every day. Somebody finally figured out that by dividing the whole day into 24 hours of equal length (12 hours of the day plus 12 hours of the night), the time could be measured much more accurately. Why was the day and night divided into 12 parts? Twelve is about the number of moon cycles in a year, so it is a special number in many cultures. The hour is divided into 60 minutes, and each minute is divided into 60 seconds. The idea of dividing the hour and minute into 60 parts comes from the Sumerian sexagesimal system, which is based on the number 60. This system was developed about 4,000 years ago. Pendulum Clocks Before pendulum clocks were invented, Peter Henlein of Germany invented a spring-powered clock around 1510. It was not very precise. The first clock with a minute hand was invented by Jost Burgi in 1577. It also had problems. The first practical clock was driven by a pendulum. It was developed by Christian Huygens around 1656. By 1600, the pendulum clock also had a minute hand.http://www.arcytech.org/java/clock/images/pendulum2.gif The pendulum swings left and right, and as it swings, it turns a wheel with teeth (see the picture to the right). The turning wheel turns the hour and minute hands on the clock. On the first pendulum clocks, the pendulum used to swing a lot (about 50 degrees). As pendulum clocks were improved, the pendulum swung a lot less (about 10 to 15 degrees). One problem with pendulum clocks is that they stopped running after a while and had to be restarted. The first pendulum clock with external batteries was developed around 1840. By 1906, the batteries were inside the clock. http://www.arcytech.org/java/clock/images/pendulum_mechs3.gif As you already learned, a clock only shows 12 hours at a time, and the hour hand must go around the clock twice to measure 24 hours, or a complete day. To tell the first 12 hours of the day (from midnight to noon) apart from the second 12 hours of the day (from noon to midnight), we use these terms: A.M.Ante meridiem, from the Latin for before noon P.M. Post meridiem, from the Latin for after noon Quartz Crystal Clocks Quartz is a type of crystal that looks like glass. When you apply voltage, or electricity, and pressure, the quartz crystal vibrates or oscillates at a very constant frequency or rate. The vibration moves the clocks hands very precisely. Quartz crystal clocks were invented in 1920. Time Zones Because the Earth turns, it is daytime in part of the world when it is nighttime on the other side of the world. In 1884, delegates from 25 countries met and agreed to divide the world into time zones. If you draw a line around the middle of the Earth, it is a circle (equator). The delegates divided the 360 degrees of the circle into 24 zones, each 15 degrees (24 x 15 = 360). They decided to start counting from Greenwich (pronounced GREN-ich), England, which is 0 degrees longitude. In the continental United States, there are four time zones: Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Each time zone varies by one hour, so when it is 7 p.m. in the Eastern time zone, it is 6 p.m. in the Central time zone, 5 p.m. in the Mountain time zone, and 4 p.m. in the Pacific time zone. Time Time, a central theme in modern life, has for most of human history been thought of in very imprecise terms. The day and the week are easily recognized and recorded though an accurate calendar for the year is hard to achieve. The forenoon is easily distinguishable from the afternoon, provided the sun is shining, and the position of the sun in the landscape can reveal roughly how much of the day has passed. By contrast the smaller parcels of time hours, minutes and seconds have until recent centuries been both unmeasurable and unneeded. Sundial and water clock: from the 2nd millennium BC The movement of the sun through the sky makes possible a simple estimate of time, from the length and position of a shadow cast by a vertical stick. (It also makes possible more elaborate calculations, as in the attempt of Erathosthenes to measure the world see Erathosthenes and the camels). If marks are made where the suns shadow falls, the time of day can be recorded in a consistent manner. The result is the sundial. An Egyptian example survives from about 800 BC, but the principle is certainly familiar to astronomers very much earlier. However it is difficult to measure time precisely on a sundial, because the suns path throug the sky changes with the seasons. Early attempts at precision in time-keeping rely on a different principle. The water clock, known from a Greek word as the clepsydra, attempts to measure time by the amount of water which drips from a tank. This would be a reliable form of clock if the flow of water could be perfectly controlled. In practice it cannot. The clepsydra has an honourable history from perhaps 1400 BC in Egypt, through Greece and Rome and the Arab civlizations and China, and even up to the 16th century in Europe. But it is more of a toy than a timepiece. The hourglass, using sand on the same principle, has an even longer career. It is a standard feature on 18th-century pulpits in Britain, ensuring a sermon of sufficient length. In a reduced form it can still be found timing an egg. A tower clock in China: AD 1094 After six years work, a Buddhist monk by the name of Su Song completes a great tower, some thirty feet high, which is designed to reveal the movement of the stars and the hours of the day. Figures pop out of doors and strike bells to signify the hours. The power comes from a water wheel occupying the lower part of the tower. Su Song has designed a device which stops the water wheel except for a brief spell, once every quarter of an hour, when the weight of the water (accumulated in vessels on the rim) is sufficient to trip a mechanism. The wheel, lurching forward, drives the machinery of the tower to the next stationary point in a continuing cycle. This device (which in Su Sungs tower must feel like a minor earthquake every time it slams the machinery into action) is an early example of an escapement a concept essential to mechanical clockwork. In any form of clock based on machinery, power must be delivered to the mechanism in intermittent bursts which can be precisely regulated. The rationing of power is the function of the escapement. The real birth of mechanical clockwork awaits a reliable version, developed in Europe in the 13th century. Meanwhile Su Sungs tower clock, ready for inspection by the emperor in 1094, is destroyed shortly afterwards by marauding barbarians from the north. Clockwork in Europe: 13th 14th century AD Europe at the end of the Middle Ages is busy trying to capture time. The underlying aim is as much astronomical (to reflect the movement of the heavenly bodies) as it is to do with the more mundane task of measuring everybodys day. But the attraction of that achievement is recognized too. A textbook on astronomy, written by Robert the Englishman in 1271, says that clockmakers are trying to make a wheel which will make one complete revolution in each day, but that they cannot quite perfect their work. What prevents them even beginning to perfect their work is the lack of an escapement. But a practical version of this dates from only a few years later. A working escapement is invented in about 1275. The process allows a toothed wheel to turn, one tooth at a time, by successive teeth catching against knobs projecting from an upright rod which oscillates back and forth. The speed of its oscillation is regulated by a horizontal bar (known as a foliot) attached to the top of the rod. The time taken in the foliots swing can be regulated by moving weights in or out on each arm. The function of the foliot is the same as that of the pendulum in modern clocks, but it is less efficient in that gravity is not helping it to oscillate. A very heavy weight is needed to power the clock, involving massive machinery and much friction. Nevertheless the foliot works to a degree acceptable at the time (a clock in the Middle Ages is counted a good timekeeper if it loses or gains only a quarter of an hour a day), and in the 14th century there are increasingly frequent references to clocks in European cities. A particularly elaborate one is built between 1348 and 1364 in Padua by Giovanni de Dondi, a professor of astronomy at the university who writes a detailed description of his clock. A 14th-century manuscript of his text has the earliest illustration of a clock mechanism with its escapement. The worlds three oldest surviving examples of clockwork date from the last years of the 14th century. The famous clock in Salisbury cathedral, installed by 1386 and still working today with its original mechanism, is a very plain piece of machinery. It has no face, being designed only to strike the hours. Striking is the main function of all early clocks (the word has links with the French cloche, meaning bell). In 1389 a great clock is installed above a bridge spanning a street in Rouen. It remains one of the famous sights of the city, though its glorious gilded dial is a later addition and its foliot has been replaced by a pendulum (in 1713). The historical distinction of the Rouen clock is that it is the first machine designed to strike the quarter-hours. In 1392 the bishop of Wells instals a clock in his cathedral. The bishop has previously been in Salisbury, and the same engineer seems to have made the new clock. It not only strikes the quarters. It steals a march on Rouen by having a dial, showing the movement of astronomical bodies. With escapements, chiming mechanisms and dials, clocks are now set to evolve into their more familiar selves. And the telling of time soon alters peoples perceptions of time itself. Hours, minutes and seconds are units which only come into existence as the ability to measure them develops. Domestic clocks: 15th century AD After the success of the clocks in Europes cathedrals in the late 14th century, and the introduction of the clock face in places such as Wells, kings and nobles naturally want this impressive technology at home. The first domestic clocks, in the early 15th century, are miniature versions of the cathedral clocks powered by hanging weights, regulated by escapements with a foliot, and showing the time to the great mans family and household by means of a single hand working its way round a 12-hour circuit on the clocks face. But before the middle of the 15th century a development of great significance occurs, in the form of a spring-driven mechanism. The earliest surviving spring-driven clock, now in the Science Museum in London, dates from about 1450. By that time clockmakers have not only discovered how to transmit power to the mechanism from a coiled spring. They have also devised a simple but effective solution to the problem inherent in a coiled spring which steadily loses power as it uncoils. The solution to this is the fusee. The fusee is a cone, bearing a spiral of grooves on its surface, which forms part of the axle driving the wheels of the clock mechanism. The length of gut linking the drum of the spring to the axle is wound round the fusee. It lies on the thinnest part of the cone when the spring is fully wound and reaches its broadest circumference by the time the spring is weak. Increased leverage exactly counteracts decreasing strength. These two devices, eliminating the need for weights, make possible clocks which stand on tables, clocks which can be taken from room to room, even clocks to accompany a traveller in a carriage. Eventually, most significant of all, they make possible the pocket watch. Watches: 16th 17th century AD The first watches, made in Nuremberg from about 1500, are spherical metal objects, about three inches in diameter, designed to hang on a ribbon round the neck. They derive from similar metal spheres used as pomanders, to hold aromatic herbs which will protect the wearer against disease or vile odours. The first watchmakers place their somewhat primitive mechanism inside cases of this sort. A single hand set into a flat section at the base makes its way round a dial marked with the division of twelve hours. For their first century and more, watches are worn outside the clothes and are regarded more as jewels than as useful instruments (a comment also on their timekeeping abilities). The best of them are exquisitely decorated in enamel. The spherical watch of this kind evolves in the late 17th century into the slimmer pocket watch, thanks largely to Christiaan Huygens. This distinguished Dutch physicist makes two important contributions to time-keeping the pendulum clock and the spiral balance spring. The pendulum clock: AD 1656-1657 Christiaan Huygens spends Christmas day, in the Hague in 1656, constructing a model of a clock on a new principle. The principle itself has been observed by Galileo, traditionally as a result of watching a lamp swing to and fro in the cathedral when he is a student in Pisa. Galileo later proves experimentally that a swinging suspended object takes the same time to complete each swing regardless of how far it travels. This consistency prompts Galileo to suggest that a pendulum might be useful in clocks. But no one has been able to apply that insight, until Huygens finds that his model works. A craftsman in the Hague makes the first full-scale clock on this principle for Huygens in 1657. But it is in England that the idea is taken up with the greatest enthusiasm. By 1600 London clockmakers have already developed the characteristic shape which makes best use of the new mechanism that of the longcase clock, more affectionately known as the grandfather clock. The pocket watch: AD 1675 Nineteen years after making his model of the pendulum clock, Huygens invents a device of equal significance in the development of the watch. It is the spiral balance, also known as the hairspring (an invention also claimed, less convincingly, by Robert Hooke). This very fine spring, coiled flat, controls the speed of oscillation of the balance wheel. For the first time it is possible to make a watch which is reasonably accurate and slim. Both elements are important, for the sober gentlemen of the late 17th century are less inclined than their ancestors to wear jewels round the neck. A watch which will keep the time and slip into a waistcoat pocket is what they require. Thomas Tompion, the greatest of English clock and watchmakers, is one of the first to apply the hairspring successfully in pocket watches (of which his workshop produces more than 6000 in his lifetime). The new accuracy of these instruments prompts an addition to the face of a watch that of the minute hand. The familiar watch face, with two concentric hands moving round a single dial, is at first considered confusing. There are experiments with several other arrangements of the hour and minute hand, before the design which has since been taken for granted is widely accepted. Chronometer: AD 1714-1766 Two centuries of ocean travel, since the first European voyages of discovery, have made it increasingly important for ships captains whether on naval or merchant business to be able to calculate their position accurately in any of the worlds seas. With the help of the simple and ancient astrolabe, the stars will reveal latitude. But on a revolving planet, longitude is harder. You need to know what time it is, before you can discover what place it is. The importance of this is made evident when the British government, in 1714, sets up a Board of Longitude and offers a massive  £20,000 prize to any inventor who can produce a clock capable of keeping accurate time at sea. The terms are demanding. To win the prize a chronometer (a solemnly scientific term for a clock, first used in a document of this year) must be sufficiently accurate to calculate longitude within thirty nautical miles at the end of a journey to the West Indies. This means that in rough seas, damp salty conditions and sudden changes of temperature the instrument must lose or gain not more than three seconds a day a level of accuracy unmatched at this time by the best clocks in the calmest London drawing rooms. The challenge appeals to John Harrison, at the time of the announcement a 21-year-old Lincolnshire carpenter with an interest in clocks. It is nearly sixty years before he wins the money. Luckily he lives long enough to collect it. By 1735 Harrison has built the first chronometer which he believes approaches the necessary standard. Over the next quarter-century he replaces it with three improved models before formally undergoing the governments test. His innovations include bearings which reduce friction, weighted balances interconnected by coiled springs to minimize the effects of movement, and the use of two metals in the balance spring to cope with expansion and contraction caused by changes of temperature. Harrisons first sea clock, in 1735, weighs 72 pounds and is 3 feet in all dimensions. His fourth, in 1759, is more like a watch circular and 5 inches in diameter. It is this machine which undergoes the sea trials. Harrison is now sixty-seven, so his son takes the chronometer on its test journey to Jamaica in 1761. It is five seconds slow at the end of the voyage. The government argues that this may be a fluke and offers Harrison only  £2500. After further trials, and the successful building of a Harrison chronometer by another craftsman (at the huge cost of  £450), the inventor is finally paid the full prize money in 1773. He has proved in 1761 what is possible, but his chronometer is an elaborate and expensive way of achieving the purpose. It is in France, where a large prize is also on offer from the Acadà ©mie des Sciences, that the practical chronometer of the future is developed. The French trial, open to all comers, takes place in 1766 on a voyage from Le Havre in a specially commissioned yacht, the Aurore. The only chronometer ready for the test is designed by Pierre Le Roy. At the end of forty-six days, his machine is accurate to within eight seconds. Le Roys timepiece is larger than Harrisons final model, but it is very much easier to construct. It provides the pattern of the future. With further modifications from various sources over the next two decades, the marine chronometer in its lasting form emerges before the end of the 18th century. Using it in combination with the sextant, explorers travelling the worlds oceans can now bring back accurate information of immense value to the makers of maps and charts. A millennium clock: AD 1746 In 1746 a French clockmaker, Monsieur Passemont (his first name is not known), completes a clock which is almost certainly the first in the world to be able to take account of a new millennium. Its dials can reveal the date of the month in any year up to AD 9999. It is a longcase clock, in an ornate baroque casing which conceals a mechanism consisting of more than 1000 interconnecting wheels and cogs. Their related movements, as they turn at their different speeds with each swing of the pendulum, are designed to cope with the complexities of the Julian calendar. Thus, for example, one large brass wheel has the responsibility of inserting February 29 in each leap year. This particular wheel takes four years to complete a single revolution. When it has come full circle, it pops in the extra day. (M. Passemont decides, however, not to grapple with Gregorian refinements; the absence of February 29 in 1700, 1800 and 1900 has had to be manually achieved.) Louis XV buys the clock in 1749, three years after its completion. It is still ticking away two and a half centuries later in the palace of Versailles. The minutiae of daily time-keeping are also adjusted by hand (the clock loses a minute a month), but Monsieur Passemonts masterpiece requires no assistance in making a significant change in the first digit of its year display from 1 to 2, at midnight on 31 December 1999.